The Federal Circuit reversed summary judgment, holding that Intel’s cross-license from National Semiconductor did not extend to Intergraph’s Clipper processor patents, because those patents were directly assigned from Fairchild to Intergraph and never passed through National Semiconductor’s ownership or control.
The Federal Circuit vacated a preliminary injunction against Barnes & Noble’s one-click shopping feature, holding that Barnes & Noble raised substantial questions about the validity of Amazon’s one-click patent that precluded injunctive relief at the preliminary stage.
The Federal Circuit held that where a patent specification consistently and clearly defines the invention in terms of a specific structure, the claims are limited to that structure even if the claim language is broader.
The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s injunction requiring Napster to block access to infringing content — holding that Napster’s peer-to-peer music file sharing service was liable for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement and that the Sony Betamax staple article defense did not protect Napster’s business model.
The Federal Circuit sitting en banc adopted a sweeping complete-bar rule: any narrowing amendment made during prosecution to comply with the Patent Act creates an absolute estoppel that bars all claims of equivalence for the amended element — a rule later rejected by the Supreme Court in 2002.
The Federal Circuit held that a claim limitation that does not use the word “means” carries a strong presumption against means-plus-function treatment under § 112(6), and that even when that presumption is overcome, the limitation must still be construed in light of the specification to determine its proper scope.
The Federal Circuit invalidated OxyContin-related patent claims because the applicant added a specific plasma concentration ratio during prosecution that had not been disclosed in the original filing, violating the written description requirement of § 112.
The Federal Circuit affirmed infringement of a process patent covering genetically engineered bacteria for producing the amino acid threonine, holding that importing bacteria manufactured abroad using the patented method constitutes infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(g) even when the manufacturing was performed under a foreign license that did not extend to the United States.
Priceline.com’s patent on the ‘name-your-own-price’ reverse auction method for travel services was one of the defining e-commerce patents of the late 1990s — illustrating the type of business method patent that became common after State Street Bank and creating competitive tensions that anticipated the post-Alice invalidity wave that would eventually threaten such patents.
The Federal Circuit vacated a TTAB opposition ruling, holding that the Board improperly analyzed likelihood of confusion by focusing only on the “Packard” component of HEWLETT-PACKARD rather than considering the marks in their entireties, and failed to apply the correct legal test for the relatedness of goods and services.
The Federal Circuit affirmed non-infringement, holding that Amgen’s synthetic consensus interferon-alpha (INFERGEN) did not infringe Schering’s recombinant DNA patents because it duplicated no natural interferon subtype and therefore did not use the patented recombinant DNA methods to produce a natural subtype.
The Federal Circuit reversed a finding of priority in favor of Genentech, holding that reduction to practice of a recombinant protein invention requires the inventors themselves — not a third party — to recognize the utility of what they have made.
The Federal Circuit held that the common-law experimental use exception to patent infringement is narrow and does not protect activities performed with a commercial purpose, even if the infringer never ultimately sold the infringing product.
The Federal Circuit held that the “offer to sell” prong of patent infringement under § 271(a) requires the offer to be made within the United States, and does not extend to offers made abroad for products to be assembled and used abroad.
The Federal Circuit held that the TTAB failed to give proper weight to the fame of the FRITO-LAY trademark when finding no likelihood of confusion with the mark FIDO LAY for dog treats, establishing that famous marks deserve full weight in the multi-factor Dupont analysis.
The Federal Circuit affirmed summary judgment of non-infringement in an ANDA patent case, holding that Bayer’s repeated prosecution statements characterizing its claimed nifedipine crystal surface area range as ‘special’ and producing ‘superior’ performance created a clear and unmistakable surrender of broader ranges, precluding any claim of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.
The Federal Circuit affirmed invalidity of a lacrosse stick patent under the on-sale bar of § 102(b), holding that subjective uncertainty about whether a commercially sold product possessed claimed performance characteristics cannot serve as an escape from the bar — if the product was ready for patenting and was commercially offered for sale more than one year before filing, the bar applies even if the seller did not know whether the product met the patent’s performance criteria.
The Federal Circuit reversed a grant of summary judgment, holding that genuine factual disputes existed over whether a trade show brochure triggered the on-sale bar or anticipated the patent, because neither party had presented evidence on how a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the brochure.
The Supreme Court held that when the Federal Circuit reviews USPTO factual findings, it must apply the Administrative Procedure Act’s ‘substantial evidence’ standard — not the stricter ‘clearly erroneous’ standard applied to district court fact findings — changing the appellate review framework for patent examination decisions.
The Supreme Court unanimously established a two-part test for the on-sale bar to patentability under § 102(b) — holding that an invention is ‘on sale’ before the critical date when it is (1) the subject of a commercial offer for sale and (2) ready for patenting, resolving a circuit split about whether reduction to practice is required.
The Federal Circuit held that business method patents are not categorically excluded from patentability — upholding a patent on a computerized financial data processing system for mutual fund management and establishing the ‘useful, concrete, and tangible result’ test for software and business method patent eligibility that dominated patent law until Alice v. CLS Bank (2014).
The Federal Circuit held that UC’s broad patent claims on the insulin cDNA sequence and all vertebrate and mammalian insulin cDNA sequences were invalid for lack of written description — establishing that broad genus claims in biotechnology must be supported by disclosure of a representative number of species sufficient to support the claimed scope.
The Supreme Court unanimously reaffirmed the doctrine of equivalents and held that prosecution history estoppel applies even to unexplained claim amendments — establishing that when a patent claim is narrowed during prosecution without explanation, courts should presume the amendment was made for a patentability reason, creating estoppel that bars the doctrine of equivalents for that limitation.
The Federal Circuit affirmed that Genentech’s patent claims on human growth hormone (hGH) methods were limited by the written description in the specification — holding that claims cannot be broader than what the specification actually describes, even in pioneering biotechnology cases, and establishing important written description doctrine for biotech patent claims.
The Supreme Court unanimously held that the interpretation of patent claims is a question of law for the judge to decide — not a question of fact for the jury — fundamentally establishing that patent claim construction (the Markman hearing) is a judicial function and marking a turning point in how patent trials are structured.
The Ninth Circuit held that a flea market operator could be vicariously and contributorily liable for copyright infringement by vendors selling counterfeit recordings — establishing the framework for secondary copyright liability that would later be applied to online platforms and peer-to-peer services, and holding that financial benefit from infringement and ability to supervise infringing activity support vicarious liability.
The Federal Circuit reinforced the principles of conception and reduction to practice in patent priority disputes, clarifying that an inventor’s conception must be complete and definite before any reduction to practice can begin — an important decision for inventorship and priority determinations in pharmaceutical and biotech research.